As industrial policy regains global traction, the focus shifts from whether governments should intervene to how they should act amid unpredictable outcomes. The proposed solution is 'directed improvisation,' fostering experimentation.

<p>With industrial policy back in fashion worldwide, the question is not whether governments should intervene (they already do), but how they should proceed when they do not know in advance what will work. The answer lies in directed improvisation: creating the conditions for experimentation where it counts.</p>