China's manufacturing sector is now redefining economic possibilities, moving beyond simply catching up to global standards, according to Professor Adam Tooze. This "China shock 2.0" encompasses various advanced sectors like AI, robotics, and aerospace. The significant acceleration of China's industrial rise necessitates a recalibration of strategies from Western nations.

If the “China shock” of the early 2000s was about China catching up, then “China shock 2.0” is about the country redefining the boundaries of what is economically possible across manufacturing sectors, according to Columbia University professor Adam Tooze. Amid complaints about the trade and industrial policies accelerating China’s rise in many sectors – including aviation, space, artificial intelligence (AI), telecoms, microprocessors, robotics, nuclear and fusion power, quantum computing,...